INS and diabetes mellitus: These biological actions include, regulation of calcium and phosphorus in the intestines and bones (osteoporosis), insulin sensitivity and secretion (diabetes), regulation of cellular growth and angiogenesis (immune regulation and cancer), renin expression and inhibition of vascular smooth muscle proliferation (hypertension and cardiovascular disease), and inflammation and amyloid plaque formation in the brain (cognitive decline and Alzheimer's disease) [39].