HMGB1 and acute liver failure: For example, macrophages recognize extracellular UA through TLR2 and TLR4 and promote caspase-1 activation and the release of IL-1β Besides, our recent study found that the endogenous HMGB1 acts as an “early alarmin” of macrophage activation through MAP kinase signaling pathwayduring Con A-induced acute liver failure [113].