HMGB1 and acute liver failure: Increased levels of HMGB1 in serum and in HBV-infected hepatic tissue as well as the translocation of nuclear HMGB1 have been described in HBV-associated acute liver failure (ALF), and the serum levels of HMGB1 were positively correlated with disease severity in patients with CHB [54–57] (Figure 1).