A significant increase in p-ERK, CGRP and COX-2 was found in the dura mater, TG and TNC of ESTG-induced rats, suggesting that the nociceptive stimulation in the TG activated the synthesis of p-ERK, CGRP and COX-2 in peripheral and central areas of the TVS, which are important in neurogenic inflammation and central sensitization during migraine. Here, PTGS2 is linked to inflammatory response.