In contrast, in a study in Senegal, where P. falciparum infected participants were compared to S. haematobium and P. falciparum co-infected subjects; Diallo et al. reported that the plasma concentration of IL-10, TGFβ, INFγ (but not INFα) was higher in co-infected subjects than in those with single infection. Here, TGFB1 is linked to infection.