TNF and Alzheimer disease: In addition, increased levels of the cytokines, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), positively correlate with the nuclear fraction of NFAT1 in both MCI and AD tissue, thus implicating NFAT1 in neuroinflammation during early stages of AD-related cognitive decline [38].