COX-2 and its metabolite, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), which are considered a tumor biomarker [40], are up-regulated by EV71 infection via the activated c-Src/PDGFR/PI3K/Akt/p42/p44 MAPK/AP1 and NF-κB pathways in rat brain astrocytes [41]. This evidence concerns the gene PTGS2 and neoplasm.