Optimization of encapsulation technologies to reduce the effects of diffusion limitations (i.e., thinner capsules, smaller islets, increased diffusivities, incorporation of oxygen delivery, or improved access to nearby blood-flow) could minimize the delay and blunting of the first-phase response, which could be important as an accelerated loss of the first-phase insulin response has been found in those progressing toward T1D [47]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is type 1 diabetes mellitus.