It is important to note that this is the first study that simultaneously evaluates two targets (kDNA and gp63) using both samples from humans (children and adults with or without Leishmania/HIV co-infection) and from dogs with different clinical forms of VL (symptomatic, oligosymptomatic and asymptomatic) to monitor L. infantum population spread at RMBH. The gene discussed is LMLN; the disease is coinfection.