Similarly, in our study utilizing the OPN blocking strategy by its neutralizing Ab significantly attenuated the IL-6, IL-1β and MIP-2 levels not only in the blood but also in lungs, which we suggest that the anti-OPN Ab-mediated mitigation of ALI could also be due to the downregulation of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines. This evidence concerns the gene SPP1 and acute respiratory distress syndrome.