Medical comorbidities (e.g., smoking, diabetes, vascular insufficiency, osteoporosis, cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis; Table 6), and use of medications (e.g., prescription NSAIDs, anticoagulants, steroids, antibiotics, insulin, and calcium channel blockers; Table 7) may increase the risk of nonunion in the elderly. Here, INS is linked to diabetes mellitus.