VEGFA and neoplasm: Tumor-derived factors such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [2–4], transforming growth factor (TGF)-β [5], interleukin (IL)-6 [6] and IL-10 [7,8] cause DC dysfunction by interfering with the DC lifecycle, including differentiation [8,9], maturation [4,10] and migration [11], thereby impairing the ability of DCs to activate T cells.