Recently, we reported mild-to-moderate accumulation of CD163+ perivascular MΦs and microglia in autopsy brain from anti-retroviral treated-HIV-infected persons without encephalitis, although to a much lesser degree than that seen in HIV encephalitis (HIVE), a histopathological correlate of the most severe form of HAND, HIV-associated dementia (HIV-D) [18]. The gene discussed is CD163; the disease is viral encephalitis.