Coagulation activation markers, including plasma D-dimer, fibrinogen, thrombin-antithrombin (TAT), prothrombin fragment 1+2 (F1+2), and antithrombin- III (AT- III), were significantly higher in patients with AF than controls, with a pooled SMD of 1.82 (95% CI, 1.38–2.26; P<0.001), 0.72 (95% CI, 0.55–0.89; P<0.001), 0.42 (95% CI, 0.13–0.72; P = 0.005), 1.00 (95% CI, 0.00–1.99; P = 0.049), and 1.38 (95% CI, 0.16–2.60; P = 0.027), respectively (Fig 3A–3E). The gene discussed is F2; the disease is atrial fibrillation.