SERPINE1 and atrial fibrillation: A meta-analysis of 9 studies for tPA and 11 studies for PAI-1 determined that both markers were significantly increased in AF cases compared with controls, with a pooled SMD of 0.86 (95% CI, 0.04–1.67; P = 0.041) and 0.87 (95% CI, 0.28–1.47; P = 0.004), respectively (Fig 4A and 4B).