Notably, crosstalk between the CXCL12/CXCR4 axis and the AR signaling pathway in established prostate-cancer cell lines (i.e., LNCaP, 22Rv1 cells) was reported previously [51], with chronic CXCL12 stimulation inducing: nuclear translocation of AR; the transcription of androgen-regulated genes (e.g., PSA, TMPRSS2); the association of AR with known AR co-regulators (e.g., SRC-1); and cell proliferation in the context of serum-free growth conditions [51]. Here, TMPRSS2 is linked to Familial prostate cancer.