LRRK2 and Parkinson disease: Several lines of evidence also point to relevant actions of different PD-linked gene mutations e.g., SNCA or LRRK2 in stimulating inflammatory responses through activation of microglia and astrocytes thereby participating directly in chronic PD progression (Gillardon et al., 2012; Moehle et al., 2012; Harms et al., 2013).