TNF and Parkinson disease: Evidence of an on-going neuroinflammation in affected brain regions in PD stems from analyses of pro-inflammatory cytokines (Interferon gamma, IFN-γ; TNF-α; Interleukin-6, IL-6; or Interleukin-1β, IL-1β) showing their accumulation in both cerebrospinal fluid and post-mortem brain (Mogi et al., 1994; Dobbs et al., 1999; Reale et al., 2009a,b).