Depletion of PKCε in these cells, or decreased expression in human lung or liver tumours, was associated with increased expression of Nrf2 cytoprotective genes and enhanced cell survival.46 In contrast to these findings, other studies have reported that increased PKCε expression in breast and lung carcinomas correlates positively with pro-survival genes and aggressive metastatic behaviour.47,48 This relationship between PKCε activity and pro-survival genes more closely mirrors that found in the endothelium.15,16,26. The gene discussed is NFE2L2; the disease is lung carcinoma.