CSF2 and neoplasm: Many cytokines activate the immune system, including interleukins (IL) 2, 4, 7, 12 and 18, interferon γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), and granulocyte–macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), which are among the most potent inducers of anti-tumor activity in a variety of preclinical studies [25-27].