Few studies have investigated the associations of HIV infection and ART use with IR in Africa.[2] Improved understanding of the relationship between IR and ART exposure in the context of cardiovascular disease and diabetes risk in HIV-infected Africans may inform and contribute to specific treatment guidelines and decisions.[12] In a cross-sectional analysis, we found that HIV infection itself, and HIV-related immunodeficiency were associated with greater insulin sensitivity.[13] We assessed IR change longitudinally in HIV-infected and uninfected Rwandan women. This evidence concerns the gene INS and HIV infectious disease.