These processes are implicated in various neurodegenerative diseases including glaucoma and Alzheimer's disease.34, 35 We previously demonstrated that MCP-1 is upregulated in RGCs following ONI,22 and in this study we showed that spermidine reduces ONI-induced upregulation of MCP-1 and RANTES, another chemotactic molecule for microglia, resulting in inhibition of microglia accumulation. This evidence concerns the gene CCL2 and neurodegenerative disease.