Specific examples include significant elevations of (1) hexanoylglycine in 2 of 2 patients with medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase (MCAD; OMIM 201450) deficiency, (2) alloisoleucine in 7 of 7 patients with maple syrup urine disease (MSUD; OMIM 248600), (3) methylmalonylcarnitine in 7 of 7 patients with MMA, and (4) glutarate in 4 of 4 patients with glutaric aciduria type 1 (GA1; OMIM 231670). The gene discussed is ACADM; the disease is medium chain acyl-CoA dehydrogenase deficiency.