We have also observed an altered distribution of CD43+ T cells in the periphery, as experimental infection of wild-type mice with Leishmania (L.)infantum chagasi yielded an increased proportion of intrahepatic CD43+ T cells, in both CD4+ and CD8+ subsets, with an effector profile based on the expression of the major pro-inflammatory cytokines associated with hepatic control of parasite load during the acute phase of infection [22]. The gene discussed is SPN; the disease is infection.