GNA11 and uveal melanoma: Each of GNAQ and GNA11 has been found in 40% to 45% of patients with metastatic uveal melanoma and, together with several other genes, is associated with systemic spread of uveal melanoma cells [24, 30, 31]. GNAQ and GNA11 mutations cause upregulation of the MAPK pathway, and responses to the MEK inhibitor selumetinib have been reported [32, 33] in early studies.