AVP and Anxiety: Hypernatremia increases the pituitary release of AVP and OT to cause renal water reabsorption and salt excretion (Noda and Sakuta, 2013), but the central release of these peptides is known to affect distant forebrain and hindbrain targets (Antunes-Rodrigues et al., 2013) that also influence anxiety (Knobloch et al., 2012; Neumann and Landgraf, 2012; Benarroch, 2013; Frazier et al., 2013).