Real-time RT-PCR analyses were performed using gene-specific primer pairs for CaALDH1, CaPR1 (PR1) (Kim and Hwang, 2000), CaDEF1 (defensin) (Do et al., 2004), and CaPR10 (PR10) (Choi et al., 2012) during Xcv infection (Fig. 8) to determine the effects of CaALDH1 silencing on the expression of defence-related genes at early infection stages in pepper. Here, TMEM37 is linked to infection.