As reduced levels/activation of the NMDAR pathway CaMK-II/CREB/BDNF [42,68,69] are observed in AD patients and associated with impaired neuronal function in vitro and in vivo [70-73], these downstream signaling molecules, specifically the levels of BDNF (Figure 6D) and activated p-CaMK-II (Figure 6B) and pCREB (Figure 6C), were measured in the hippocampus by Western blot (representative blot Figure 6A). Here, BDNF is linked to Alzheimer disease.