These promising clinical trials show that blockade of the PD-1/PD-L1 axis using monoclonal antibodies can reactivate the antitumor immune response and induce lasting clinical benefit in nearly one third of (heavily pretreated) patients with advanced melanoma, lung, and renal cell carcinomas [44, 46]. This evidence concerns the gene PDCD1 and hereditary clear cell renal cell carcinoma.