A recent meta-analysis of 15 studies (five case-control and 10 cohort studies) demonstrated that insulin treatment was associated significantly with an increased risk of overall cancer with a summary RR of 1.39 (95% CI: 1.14–1.70), particularly in case-control studies that evaluated T1DM, with a higher summary RR of 1.83 (95% CI; 0.99–3.38) [161]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is cancer.