GJB2 and cholesteatoma: Finally, alterations in the expression of protooncogenes (e.g., c-myc and c-jun) [95–99], upregulation of gap junction beta-2 (GJB2, also known as connexin 26) [89, 100, 101], and the downregulation of several tumor suppressor genes (e.g., p53, p27, CDH18, 19 and ID4, PAX3, LAMC2, and TRAF2B) [70, 76, 83, 89, 102] have been shown to contribute to the multifactorial pathogenesis of cholesteatoma.