Thus, klotho deficient mice have a reduced lifespan and develop multi-systemic abnormalities that include: growth retardation, hypoglycaemia due to increased insulin sensitivity [11, 44], a generalised reduction of white adipose tissue that may be a consequence of impaired adipocyte maturation [11, 45], and senescence-related traits such as pulmonary emphysema and skin atrophy, which are considered to arise from calcium deposition that induces loss of collagen fibres and progressive deterioration of tissue architecture [11, 22, 46]. The gene discussed is INS; the disease is pulmonary emphysema.