INS and Hypertension: As shown in Table 3, the VAI was significantly associated with both prehypertension and hypertension in males, after adjusting for age, education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, serum creatinine, fasting glucose, and plasma insulin; the ORs for prehypertension and hypertension in the upper quartile of the VAI were 1.514 (95%CI 1.074–2.133), P = 0.018, and 1.533 (95%CI 1.086–2.165), P = 0.015, in males.