INS and hypertensive disorder: As shown in Table 4, VAI was significantly associated with both prehypertension and hypertension in females following adjustments for age, education, smoking habits, alcohol consumption, physical activity, serum creatinine, fasting glucose, and plasma insulin; the ORs for prehypertension and hypertension in the upper quartile of the VAI were 1.691 (95%CI 1.223–2.338), P = 0.001, and 1.688 (95%CI 1.220–2.334), P = 0.002, in females.