Furthermore, ROC analyses demonstrated that two of these six miRNAs (hsa-miR-23-3p and hsa-miR-223-3p) can act in RA patients as both predictors of therapy response (indicating those patients who would not benefit from anti-TNFα/DMARDs combination therapy), and as biomarkers of response to anti-TNFα/DMARDs combination therapy (so that their levels would be indicative of treatment efficacy and also of the degree of response). Here, TNF is linked to rheumatoid arthritis.