Apart from recruiting and directing leukocyte movement, MCP-1 also exhibits anti-tumor activity, in promoting Fas cell surface death receptor-ligand-mediated apoptosis in cultured endometrial stromal cells.19 MCP-1 is secreted by both AML blasts and stromal cells, and serum levels are increased in AML patients and appear to vary depending on AML subtype.20 Our data show that MCP-1, GM-CSF, stem cell factor and TNF-α levels produced by AML BM-MSCs are vastly different depending on oxygen levels and are much lower in hypoxic conditions similar to the sinusoidal regions of the BM. Here, TNF is linked to neoplasm.