INS and type 1 diabetes mellitus: Kalergis et al. [54] examined the effect of bedtime ingestion of a standard snack (191 kcals, two starch and one protein exchange according the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics), cornstarch snack (187 kcals), protein-rich snack (192 kcals), and no snack (0 kcals, aspartame-containing drink) on nocturnal hypoglycemia in patients with T1DM undergoing intensive insulin management.