PTGS2 and cancer: As summarized in Figure 1, almost all gene products involved in inflammation are indeed regulated by the activation of NF-κB (e.g., TNF-α, IL-1, IL-6, chemokines, COX-2, 5LOX, CRP) [56] and NF-κB is activated in response to several well known cancer risk factors such as smoke, stress, dietary agents, obesity, infectious agents and irradiation.