Immunohistological studies of kidney biopsies derived from HFRS patients revealed that EC become activated during PUUV infection and increase expression of chemokines and adhesion molecules such as intercellular adhesion molecule 1 (ICAM-1), E-Selectin, and VCAM-1 (Temonen et al., 1996). This evidence concerns the gene VCAM1 and hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome.