MAP2K5 and carcinoma: Our results clearly showed that MEK5 steady-state levels were significantly increased in human colon adenomas (P<0.001), stage B–D proficient DNA mismatch repair (pMMR) carcinomas (stage B, P<0.01; stage C, P<0.05; stage D, P<0.01) and in defective MMR (dMMR) carcinomas (P<0.05), compared with normal colon mucosa (Figures 1a and b, left panel).