Additionally, polymorphisms in the genes encoding the IL-1R antagonist (IL-1ra; Il1rn) and IL-1β (Il1b), but not IL-1α (Il1a) and IL1-R1 (IL-1R1 type 1; Il1r), have been associated with a susceptibility to alcoholism or ALD (alcohol liver disease) in Spanish men (Pastor et al., 2005). Here, IL1A is linked to alcohol dependence.