In addition, it is interesting to investigate whether targeting SKAP55, ADAP, NFATc1 should provide potential benefit for those cancer patients who suffer severe adverse effects of anti-PD1 mAbs (Hansel et al, 2010), and whether targeting the ADAP-SKAP55-NFATc1-PD-1 axis might prevent or rescue exhausted CD8+ CTLs during chronic viral infection. The gene discussed is NFATC1; the disease is cancer.