To observe the effects of BDNF (both 0.25 and 1.0 μg/side have the same behavioral effects; therefore, rats in the 0.25 μg/side group were chosen for further analysis), NGF (0.25 μg/side) and NT-3 (0.25 μg/side) on MAPK activation in the Aβ1-42-treated rat model of Alzheimer's disease, we analyzed the expression of total ERK, JNK and p38, as well as their phosphorylated (activated) forms, in the hippocampus after treatment (Fig 3). Here, MAPK8 is linked to early-onset autosomal dominant Alzheimer disease.