On the cellular level, AEG-1 was proposed to regulate multiple pathways including the PI3K/AKT pathway, the NF-κB pathway, the MAPK pathway, the Wnt pathway, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transcription factors such as FOXO1, FOXO3a and to promote cell proliferation, migration, tumour metastasis and angiogenesis in various tumours22, 50. Here, VEGFA is linked to neoplasm.