To determine the effect of GDM on ER stress protein expression, adipose tissue was obtained from NGT pregnant women (n = 12 patients; 6 lean and 6 obese) and BMI-matched women with diet-controlled GDM (n = 12 patients; 6 lean and 6 obese) or with insulin-controlled GDM (n = 12 patients; 6 lean and 6 obese). The gene discussed is INS; the disease is gestational diabetes.