ATF7-TRAIL at the concentrations as low as 10 ng/ml was highly cytotoxic to breast carcinoma MDA-MB-231, prostate carcinoma PPC-1, and lung carcinoma SK-MES-1 cells (Fig 4A), despite the fact that some of these cells have been considered resistant to TRAIL-mediated apoptosis [29–31]. Here, ATF7 is linked to prostate carcinoma.