It is thought that innate immunity, such as interferon (IFN), macrophages and early inflammatory responses, most likely determines outcomes after EMC-D virus infection, since EMC-D virus-induced diabetes develops within 4 days after infection, and infection to T-lymphocyte-deficient or B-lymphocyte-deficient mice did not make the mice more susceptible to virus-induced diabetes15, 17. Here, IFNA1 is linked to infection.