IFNA1 and infection: In contrast, Tyk2-mutated mice developed significant CD45-positive leukocyte infiltration with increased IFNα and upregulation of class I MHC in 3 days after infection and persisted, leading to the extensive destruction of pancreatic β-cells as well as Tyk2 KO mice (Supplementary Fig. 3a), suggesting that inflammatory response in the pancreatic islets after EMC-D virus infection may possibly enhance the islet cell damage in addition to virus-induced β-cell lysis.