For instance, based on competition of insulin with β-amyloid peptide for degradation and recent reports identifying the amyloid precursor amylin, which is co-secreted with insulin from the pancreas, in brains of patients with diabetes (but not in diabetes-free controls), increased concentrations of β-amyloid and amylin are candidate links between type 2 diabetes and cognitive impairment [3, 4]. Here, INS is linked to type 2 diabetes mellitus.