At an individual gene level, 16 genes (FGFR2, BRCA2, ATM, MLL3, GNAS, NOTCH1, PDGFRA, SMARCA4, NTRK3, PCM1, CLTCL1, FANCE, BCOR, MKL1, NACA and PMS1) in the cancer Gene Census were exclusively observed in DCIS-IDC (1–7 genes per case), but not in pure DCIS (Figure 3). The gene discussed is PMS1; the disease is ductal breast carcinoma in situ.