CD4 and HIV infectious disease: MNS formulae that include a comprehensive array of vitamins and minerals (such as potassium, calcium, magnesium and selenium) may be more biologically relevant in the context of gut damage, mitochondrial toxicity, increased resting energy expenditure and oxidative stress observed in HIV infection and with chronic ARV treatment.[43] The finding that pyroptosis is a primary feature of HIV pathogenesis through the inflammatory suicide of bystander CD4 cells[44] generates a hypothesis of the potential benefit of limiting this effect via MNS.[45]