AFP and neoplasm: In recent years, molecular research has identified various biomarkers as predictive and prognostic markers for HCC metastatic recurrence and clinical outcomes, including tumor-associated antigens (such as AFP, MAGEs, GPC3, and CK19), molecular factors associated with HCC invasion and metastasis (such as E-cadherin, catenins, ICAM-1, laminin-5), and angiogenesis regulators [23,24].