TNF and neoplasm: In our krasV12 transgenic model, krasG12V-expressing hepatocytes displayed an upregulation of tgfβ1a and downregulation of anti-tumor genes, tnfa and ifnγ. The gene expression pattern indicated that the oncogenic kras+ hepatocytes favored a pro-inflammatory environment, consistent with a previous report of liver tumors arising from inflammation due to chronic injury [42].