Basal GM-CSF (2.5-fold), CXCL8 (1.6-fold), and IL-6 (1.8-fold) secretions from ASM cells isolated from smokers and patients with COPD and studied at passage 4 were increased compared with those from healthy control subjects (Fig 3, A-C). Here, CXCL8 is linked to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.