Only homozygous, not heterozygous, Brca1 knockout mice develop breast cancers (Evers and Jonkers, 2006), whereas breast (and other) cancers develop in Becn1 heterozygous knockout mice (Qu et al., 2003, Yue et al., 2003, Cicchini et al., 2014). Here, BRCA1 is linked to breast carcinoma.